Item 13

Item 13

noun         verb          adjective            preposition

cross         cross         cross                 across

cross   Vs  across

The word “cross “ may be used as a noun, a verb and an adjective.

When it is used as a noun, to analyse it in form, it may be placed after

an article “a / the”  or

demonstrative pronouns “this / that”  or

P2

As a noun:  [ S--subject ] or ( O--object )

Jesus Christ was nailed / crucified *on (the cross).

Jack always wears (a cross) before his chest.

[This cross] means No Entry in the traffic law.

[That cross marked beside the party logo] means “I support you”.

As a verb:  can be used in different tenses

Titin always crosses (the road) carefully.

Titin always walks *across (the road) carefully.

She is crossing the road now.

As an adjective:  after verb-to-be / other linking verbs / before a noun

[Mr Bong] became cross when he saw the rubbish all over the place.

[He] was cross with those naughty students who littered the place.

[The cross and impatient people] shouted loudly in protest.

The word “across “ is a *preposition.

Mr Lee has to travel *across (2 bridges) before he reaches his school daily.

Mr Lee has to cross over 2 bridges ……………………………………………………….

Tom was running really fast *across a field.

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Nouns  singular in form but plural in meaning:

Folk

Do you agree the noun “folk” is singular in form but plural in meaning?

The kampong folk in Ulu naman have been waiting for treated/piped water for ages.

People (singular form) Vs Peoples (plural form)

When we use the collective noun “people”, we may use it in a general / specific sense.

There are so many people in town on Sunday.  

The people here are upset with high rate of crimes.

The noun “peoples” refer to different races /ethnic groups. 

[The peoples all over the world] want (the principles of democracy) to be up-kept at all costs.

Poultry 

[The poultry {that I keep}] are organic and healthy because I always give them organic foods and I take good care of them.

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Everyday  Vs  Every day

The compound word  ‘everyday’ is an attributive adjective and so it is always placed before a noun to modify it.

The phrase ‘every day’ is an adverb of time.  So,

Washing dishes is my everyday routine work.

                                  XX

I wash dishes every day.

                            ~~~~~~~~

May be      Vs     Maybe      

The phrase ‘may be’ is a verb phrase.

The compound word ‘maybe’ is an adverb. 

He may be late today.

Maybe he will help us this time. 

(The compound word ‘maybe’ can be replaced by the adverb ‘perhaps’. )

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Item 10

Being able to F1

Not being able to F1

[*Being able to speak several dialects and languages] *puts Alice in the advantageous position as a tour guide.

[F2……………………………………………]singular verb………………………..

=======subject-verb agreement  (double check and see if it is true)

1.   Being able to swim so well, [Ramah] always takes part in the swimming competitions.                                                     &

2.   Ramah always takes part in the swimming competitions,  being able to swim so well.

3.   Ramah, being able to swim so well, always takes part in the swimming competitions.

*As *Ramah is able to swim so well, he always takes part in the swimming competitions. 

It is a complex sentence.  “As Ramah is able to swim so well” is a subordinate clause and “he always takes part in ……….” the main clause.

The subjects of both clauses refer to the same person “Raman”.  In the case like this,  you may treat the subordinate clause / adverbial clause “As Ramah is able to swim so well ”, just omit “As Raman…..” and change “is” into “being”.  That’s it.

Now “being able to swim so well” has changed “the status” from an adverbial clause which has the subject and a verb into an adverbial phrase which has no subject.

A phrase is just a string of related words like “in the kitchen, at the airport,  an old car, very carefully, very careful, take part, put on……………………..”

Hence you may put the adverbial phrase “being able to swim………” in front of the sentence (1); at the back of the sentence (2) and immediately after the subject (3).

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Item 9

[S] can /could + F1

[S] be able to F1

      Be +adj + to F1

[Tutula] can jump really high.

Tutula is able to jump really high.

[The children] can sing so well.

[The children] are able to sing so well. 

[Lina] could keep a German Shepherd years ago.

[Lina] was able to keep ………………………………….

[Peter and Paul] could go out at night last year.

[Peter and Paul] were able to go ….. …………….

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Be:  am/is/are    being       was/were       been

Be able to F1

   F1                          F3

am/ is ----------------   was

are     ----------------   were

Perfect tenses  : Verb-to-be

Present Perfect                   Past Perfect               Future Perfect

have/ has been                  had been                   shall/will have been

Tita has been able to go travelling since 10years ago.  He is going again this coming December.  He enjoys travelling around.

[Jack] had been able to stay there peacefully until   [a nasty neighbour ] moved in.                                                          conj                                   

Sisi will have been able to get the scholarship to study in Taiwan if she gets credit in the Chinese subject.

Modal verbs

Modal verb + be able to F1

Modal verb + have been able to F1

Siew Ling may be /might be able to visit her aunt in New Zealand when [she] goes there next month.

Helena must have been able to earn a lot as [she] always goes for brandy goods.

[George and his neighbours] ought to have been able to stand guard to night-watch to prevent the rampant burglary